Medical Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical Anthropology - Essay Example The increasing interest on global health issues may have been fueled by the United Nation’s Millennium Poll, besides the fact that it has been the primary concern of the majority of citizens. Globally, much efforts are exerted to improve health standards, whether or not individuals come from rich or poor countries. However, it is still obvious (Bloom & River Path Associates, 2000) that whichever regions of the world, health problems bring discontent to people coupled with perceived inequalities. Sen (1999) states, health depicts a complex challenges and consequences to national governments. As the richer countries enjoy better health than poorer ones; health improvements are not automatically delivered in the market does (Sen, 1999). Understandably, major turn overs in health status are structured according to the same foundations as that of the economic growth — up-to- date knowledge and technology, new labour requirements and new investment. However, (Bloom and River Path Associates, 2000), the process that enabled health to improve is on parallel direction and not the same as that of the economic development.... Across the globe there is an existing evidence that, as the epidemic advances, HIV/AIDS is increasingly focused in poor populations. In Asia and the rest of other continents, no statistical association has been established between poverty and AIDS, While wealthier individuals learn to shield themselves, the poor masses have less access to health care services and information, and are more likely to be forced by marginalisation and hardship as well as into making sub-optimal choices (World Bank, 3 1997) The disease therefore proves harder to tackle among poor people (Farmer, 1999). Health Reforms and Socio-Economic Developments One challenge to policy-makers, is not entirely focused on policy interventions which will discuss the impacts of AIDS, but also to see the opportunities plan, execute and implement action against AIDS. Examples of action plans are: intensification of campaigns which can make improvements towards broad and advantageous collateral impact; Protect people against various sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); Curricular reform directed at improving health education; Conduct programs which can lower the incidence of drug-resistant strains through common self-medication practice with antibiotics; and an overall building capacity to meet different cross-cutting problems on AIDS (World Bank, 1997).There are developing countries which are also focusing on poverty diminution as a key component of the total development thinking. A good deal of poverty reduction strategies are at present, considered the key to accessing an expanding proportion of multilateral as well as bilateral donor funding,

Restorative Justice Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Restorative Justice - Dissertation Example This means there must be a deep respect for both the plaintiff and defendant to encourage a sense of testimony without compromise. It is also important to consider the cost and efficiency of the selected legal system in different contexts. For instance, the individual should ascertain whether the process satisfies the victim and the offender. Alternatively, the person should also find out if the system reduces crime or recidivism in the community. In other words, are the set goals and objectives set for a legal framework met? And if there are attained within a given time frame, then what is the way forward? That is why there is restorative justice and its many processes. This mechanism is preferable because it encourages a lot of neutrality between the warring parties. It also sets high standards of communal justice when dispensed with fairness and equality (Seligram, 2000). The justice system also has varied options of handling cases unlike the natural courts where the law is the sa me. Another technicality is the acrimony of victims against offenders and vice versa that is not common in restorative justice. Instead, there are family group conferences, victim mediation processes and teen courts that achieve a level of neutrality without any compromise. Furthermore, the legal process is cheaper and requires legal expertise to maneuver than the normal system According to Vance (2007), restitution entails the laws of gains-based upturn and is in contrast with the law of compensation. The law of compensation entails the law of low-based revival and is the opposite of restitution. Vance argues that restitution is a legal response that has obligations in the payment of compensation to real world events. Therefore, the author attests that if there is a court order for restitution, it means the surrenders his gains to the claimant. Alternatively, restitution may also mean the receivership by the claimant for his /her loss from the defendant following court orders. On t hat account, there is a restoration of the conferred benefits in the context of non-breaching party who is the plaintiff. This suggests that the plaintiff has the benefit of receiving the value of what is conferred in the contract to the defendant. However, there are two boundaries to the recovery such as the total contravention of the contracted when it is required and the capped damages. In the same view, Vance mentions restitutions for wrongs such as a common law tort, a statutory tort, an equitable wrong and a breach of contract. There are also the criminal offenses in the category of restitutions of wrongs that should reverse unfair enrichment. On the other hand, in Emmer’s ideologies (2002), community service is an activity conducted by a person or a group for the advantage of society or its various institutions. In other words, community service is also donated service because an individual renders his/her services to an entity. Therefore, because such persons always a ct out of free will, it suggests the presence of an authority in the activity. For instance, according to the author, it may be the government because it is a citizenship requirement or as part of the military service. Additionally, the community service may arise from the courts because of sanctions emanating from criminal justice such as a punishment for a conviction. Furthermore, community service sometimes is instituted by the school to attain the conditions of a class that in this case may be service learning or graduation requirements.