Equity theory Essay Example

Equity theory Essay Example Equity theory Paper Equity theory Paper The study carried by J, Stacy Adams called the ‘Equity theory’ also gave his viewpoint and research related to the process motivation theories concerning ‘why’ and ‘how’ people choose this action instead of another in the workplace. According to French et al’ definition, â€Å"equity theory is based on the phenomenon of social comparison and posits that because people gauge the fairness of their work outcomes compared with others, any felt inequity will result in an unpleasant feeling which the individual will be driven to remove through a variety†. This theory mentions two factors: ‘felt negative inequity’ and ‘felt positive equity’. ‘Felt negative inequity’ concerns the employment’s ‘envious’ feeling whilst they receive less than others do in proportion to work inputs. On the contrary, ‘felt positive inequity’ following the study of French et al was defined as the feeling existed when individuals have received relatively more than others have. People are oriented to be less comfortable when they are under-rewarded than when they are over-rewarded (French et al, p.172). However, in working conditions, managers cannot assume to give the fair reward for all employees in a work group. They contributed their attempts for teamwork; however, we have no direct and correct measurement for capacity of our labour. Applied this theory in the cross culture working condition all over the world, managing to have fair reward as motivation for the employment at work is becoming more complex. Therefore, money can encourage the employment to work harder and more competitive in the workplace. However, according to the ‘expectancy theory’ of Victor Vroom, he assumes the work motivation not only depend on reward provided the individuals but also determined by every employee’s beliefs about ‘effort-performance relationships and the desirability of various work outcomes from different performance levels’ (French et al, p.175). The theory emphasizes individual’s goal to achieve the highest performance at work and then the employment believes that the best performance at work can lead to the higher promotion. Therefore, if they want to have promotional opportunities or enhance their working status, they will have to work harder, reaching their goal. Conversely, there are a variety of argument and continuous controversy about the importance of money in motivating the individual’s working performance. All the theories above were thoroughly carried out and had some particular perspectives on the questions â€Å"Is money considered as a motivator for the employment in the workplace?† In fact, One experimental study shows that in England, 83% of human resources directors claims that the British youth all are significantly motivated by flexible working hours and career development progress rather than money or the bonus or reward at work while in the Far and Middle, the young employment was motivated to perform well by money and extrinsic reward at work (French et al, counterpoint, p.186). No one can deny the important role of money in our life: the main means for us to meet all our daily needs: food, water, clothes, entertainment and other higher level of needs. We absolutely deserve a bonus payment give as an extrinsic reward for our best performance at work. However, under some circumstance, the continuous desire for money and salary appraisal at work can diminish the work ethic and materialize the meaning of working. The manager makes advantage of money and bonus payment to control the employment’s behavior, putting pressure on them and forcing them to give the best performance. Working extra time for bonus or having no break during the working time makes the employment to lose the authentic value of life, which still concludes the family, relationships, entertainment, hobbies and enjoying their lives. Money can be considered as a motivator at work, bringing us pride, competition at work and even society position and fulfilling our satisfaction in the workplace. However, money cannot be the only motivation in our working achievement. A variety of employees enjoy their jobs and want to reach the best performance just because they love what they do, even that work did not give them extra bonus or reasonable salary. Succeeding in understanding about the efficiency of money to motivate the employment at work is very crucial for any managers. A successful employer should perceive the meaning of paying and have suitable strategy to give necessary and reasonable reward for their workers to enhance their capacity. With the understanding about these, manager can create a strong belief among their worker that the way to achieve a high salary is to give the highest performance. Furthermore, the implementation of payment and bonus support also help the organization to discriminate between the high and low performers to have suitable managing strategy to encourage their working ability. Reference 1. A Dictionary of Business and Management. Ed. Jonathan Law. Oxford University Press, 2009. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Aston University. 7 January 2012 2. American Society for Training and Development. â€Å"Companies won’t boost performance by offering rewards, says Author†, National Report on Human Resources, 1994, p. 3) 3. Dawson, P.P., Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1985 4. Ephraim R. McLean, Stanley J.Smits, John R. Tanner., â€Å"The importance of salary on job and career attitudes of information systems professionals† ., Information Management 30 (1996) P. 291 – 299. 5. Herzberg, F. Mausner, B., and Snyderman, B.B., The Motivation to Work, 2nd edition., Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1959 6. Christine Lundberg., Anna Gudmundsion., Tommy D. Anderson., Herzberg’s Two – Factor Theory of work motivation tested empirically on seasonal workers in hospitality and tourism., Tourism Management 30 (2009)., P. 890 – 899. 7. Pinder, C. C. (1998). Work motivation in organizational behavior. USA: Prentice Hall

Definition and Examples of Polemics

Definition and Examples of Polemics Definition Polemic is a mode of writing or speaking that uses vigorous and combative language to defend or oppose someone or something. Adjectives: polemic and polemical. The art or practice of disputation is called polemics. A person who is skilled in debate or someone who is inclined to argue vehemently in opposition to others is called a polemicist (or, less commonly, a polemist). Enduring examples of polemics in English include John Miltons Aeropagitica (1644), Thomas Paines Common Sense (1776), The Federalist Papers (essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, 1788-89), and Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Examples and observations of polemics are given below. Some other terms that are related to and some that may be confused with polemics include: ArgumentArgumentationConfrontational RhetoricCritiqueEncomiumInvective Etymology: From the Greek, war, warlike Pronunciation: po-LEM-ic Examples and Observations I am in general of the opinion that the best polemic is the perfect presentation of a new point of view. (Finnish folklorist Kaarle Krohn, quoted in Leading Folklorists of the North, 1970)Polemics are certainly necessary at times, but they are only justified by being necessary; otherwise they produce more heat than light. (Richard Strier, Resistant Structures: Particularity, Radicalism, and Renaissance Texts. University of California Press, 1995)[George Bernard Shaw] is a poet of polemics, as Einstein seems to have felt when he compared the movement of Shavian dialogue to Mozarts music. His polemics are therefore the more dangerous, for polemics are nothing but the art of skilled deception. A prime device of polemics is the either/or pattern, against which so much has been said in recent times, often by great polemicists. Shaw is a great polemicist in his skilled deployment of antithesis.(Eric Bentley, The Playwright as a Thinker, 1946. Rpt. by University of Minnesota Press, 2010) Why Polemic Has a Bad Name in the Academic World Polemic has a bad name in the humanities academy. Reasons for avoiding or seeking to discredit polemic arent always articulated, yet they surely include these: polemic disrupts the shared endeavours of the academy and preempts the civil or technical discourses of professionalism; polemic is a short cut to professional recognition typically chosen by those whose ambition outruns their achievement; conversely, polemic is the last resort of major figures in decline, seeking to maintain their professional dominance; polemic is a cheap, often trivial, substitute for real intellectual production; polemic belongs to the sphere of public journalism, where careers can be made on the basis of verbal aggression alone; polemic caters to the unseemly pleasures of cruelty and malice; polemic tends to become compulsive and consuming. Such reasons, or perhaps only intuitions, suffice to create an aversion to polemic, at least in the U.S. academy; they also tend to render polemic ethically suspect, w ith whatever intellectual justifications it is pursued...If, in fact, polemic has become increasingly discredited in the academy during the past 30 years, is it just a coincidence that the trend coincided with a broader academic rejection of violence in the post-colonial, post-Vietnam era? (Jonathan Crewe, Can Polemic Be Ethical? Polemic: Critical Or Uncritical, ed. by Jane Gallop. Routledge, 2004) Explicit vs. Hidden Polemics A polemic is considered to be direct when its subject is explicitly mentioned and the stance taken therein is also explicitthat is, when there is no need to search it out in order to draw conclusions...A polemic is hidden when its subject is not explicitly mentioned, or when it is not mentioned in the expected, conventional formulation. Through various hints, the reader is left with the feeling that a double effort has been made within the text: on the one hand- to conceal the subject of the polemic, that is, to avoid its explicit mention; on the other- to leave certain traces within the text...that through various means will lead the reader to the hidden subject of the polemic. (Yaira Amit, Hidden Polemics in Biblical Narrative, trans. by Jonathan Chipman. Brill, 2000) The Introduction to Common Sense, a Polemic by Thomas Paine Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages are not yet sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favor; a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom. But the tumult soon subsides. Time makes more converts than reason. As a long and violent abuse of power is generally the means of calling the right of it in question (and in matters too which might never have been thought of, had not the sufferers been aggravated into the inquiry), and as the King of England hath undertaken in his own right to support the Parliament in which he calls theirs, and as the good people of this country are grievously oppressed by the combination, they have an undoubted privilege to inquire into the pretensions of both, and equally to reject the usurpation of either. In the following sheets, the author hath studiously avoided everything which is personal among ourselves. Compliments as well as censure to individuals make no part thereof. The wise and the worthy need not the triumph of a pamphlet: and those whose sentiments are injudicious or unfriendly, will cease of themselves, unless too much pains are bestowed upon their conversion.The cause of America is, in a great measure, the cause of all mankind. Many circumstances have, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all lovers of mankind are affected, and in the event of which their affections are interested. The laying a country desolate with fire and sword, declaring war against the natural rights of all mankind, and extirpating the defenders thereof from the face of the earth, is the concern of every man to whom nature hath given the power of feeling; of which class, regardless of party censure, isTHE AUTHOR. -Philadelphia, February 14, 1776 (Thomas Paine, Common Sense) In January 1776 Thomas Paine released Common Sense, adding his voice for public consideration over the deteriorating British-American situation. The sheer volume of issues alone attests to the pamphlets demand and suggests a significant impact on colonial thought. [It was reprinted] over fifty times before the year was out, accounting for over five hundred thousand copies...The immediate effect of Common Sense was to break a deadlock between a minority of colonial leaders who wished to form an independent American state and the majority of leaders who sought reconciliation with the British. (Jerome Dean Mahaffey, Preaching Politics. Baylor University Press, 2007) John Stuart Mill on the Abuses of Polemics The worst offence of this kind which can be committed by a polemic is to stigmatize those who hold the contrary opinion as bad and immoral men. To calumny of this sort, those who hold any unpopular opinion are peculiarly exposed, because they are in general few and uninfluential, and nobody but themselves feels much interest in seeing justice done them; but this weapon is, from the nature of the case, denied to those who attack a prevailing opinion: they can neither use it with safety to themselves, nor, if they could, would it do anything but recoil on their own cause. In general, opinions contrary to those commonly received can only obtain a hearing by studied moderation of language, and the most cautious avoidance of unnecessary offence, from which they hardly ever deviate even in a slight degree without losing ground: while unmeasured vituperation employed on the side of the prevailing opinion, really does deter people from professing contrary opinions, and from listening to thos e who profess them. For the interest, therefore, of truth and justice, it is far more important to restrain this employment of vituperative language than the other... (John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859)